All the judgement on this website is human. Artificial intelligence has not written any columns, formulated any theses or reached any conclusions. Where it has been used, it has been used for routine tasks, and these are specified here.
What is entirely human
The column, the analyses, the technical notes and the weekly reports are written by Miguel Ángel Temprano. This includes what matters and what is not delegated:
- The methodology: how a problem is approached, which data are considered relevant and which are disregarded.
- The development: The reasoning that leads from the facts to the interpretation.
- The formulation: The theses, hypotheses and conclusions, with their nuances and uncertainties.
- The texts: The original Spanish text, sentence by sentence.
No opinion piece or analysis on this site has been generated by an automated system and published as our own. Neither in full nor in part.
Where it has been used, and for what purpose
This site has been built with the aid of artificial intelligence tools. These have been used for technical tasks, never for decision-making:
- Layout and development: The design, programming and launch of the website.
- Calculations and repetitive tasks Extracting text from documents, organising the archive, locating media appearances and checking that links are still active.
- Text editing: Spelling checks, ensuring consistent formatting and creating supporting subheadings.
- Translation into English: The English versions of some of the columns have been produced using machine translation followed by adaptation. The original text and responsibility lie with the Spanish version.
- Read-aloud Each column is also available in audio format, read by a synthetic voice. This is not the author’s voice, and this is noted next to the player. The text being read is the author’s own, word for word.
- Introductory texts Some of the site’s navigational texts – section descriptions and column summaries – have been drafted with this assistance, always based on the original articles and subject to review by the author.
What is not done
No data, figures, quotations or sources are generated using artificial intelligence. All published data comes from an identifiable source and has been verified by the author.
We do not publish synthetic images of real people or events presented as if they were real.
No assessments of markets, companies, countries or individuals are delegated to an automated system.
Responsibility
Everything published on this site is reviewed before publication and the author is responsible for it, regardless of the tools used to produce it. Editorial responsibility is not shared with any tool.
Regulatory framework
This statement is made in accordance with the principle of transparency set out in Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 on artificial intelligence, which requires disclosure when artificially generated or manipulated content is disseminated. On this site, this requirement does not apply to opinion pieces and analysis, which are authored by humans; the information is provided in any case, at our own discretion.
This page will be updated if the use described here changes.
Last updated: August 2026.